杨宁 发表于 2020-6-18 01:14:56

雅各書第三章

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<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 9.0pt 27.0pt 45.0pt 63.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 細明體"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 9.0pt 27.0pt 45.0pt 63.0pt" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體">雅各書第三章<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">Ⅳ 教會內的紛爭(三</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">~四</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  以上所探討一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">19</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">26</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,內容相當劃一,繞著行道的主題發展,但接下來的幾段經文,初看之下好像相同之處不多,但三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">材料仍在詳細檢驗下,顯出某些程度的彼此關連。這一部分以警告不潔言語之罪為開始及結束(三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">11</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);在這兩個段落之間,雅各則集中討論教會內分及辯論的問題。這兩類問題自然彼此有關,因為不潔的言語,特別是帶著批評的,總帶來爭吵及辯論。在處理教會分爭的段落中(三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">13</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)另一個統一的主題是嫉妒或自私,雅各認為他的讀者好競爭、高傲的行為該為此種有罪的態度負責</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">116</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。解決這種自私、嫉妒之道,是徹底悔改,在神面前降卑(四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),並接受「從上頭來的智慧」,及其謙卑及和平的果子(三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">13</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。惟有透過基督徒個人在態度上的轉變,才有可能避免罪惡的言語,平息教會內的紛爭。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></SUP></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">116</SPAN></SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">這部分主題上的合一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> L. T. Johnson </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">有清楚的說明,「</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">James 3:13</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">4:10 and the Topos </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Greek; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Greek">PERI FqONOU</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Greek; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">, NovT 25, 1983, pp.327</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">347</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">一、放縱口舌之害(三</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">~</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  雅各已經提出他對言語的罪的關心,在一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">19</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他鼓勵讀者「慢慢的說」,在一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">26</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他特別提出「勒住舌頭」,作為真實信仰的成份之一。現在他花更多篇幅評析此問題。或許二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">14</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">26</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所討論的「行為」刺激了這部分的探討:「言語也是行為」(塔斯克)。這些經文較此書信其他部分更多透露出雅各背景的廣度。放縱口舌的問題是箴言、其餘舊約經卷,及猶太智慧文學中經常出現的主題,但雅各所用來闡釋舌頭問題的一連串例子,是希臘人及希臘化的猶太道德家所熟知的,這些例子屬於家喻戶曉之類的常識,只要與希臘文化稍有接觸的人都會知道。這裡浮現的雅各是一位受過相當良好教育的猶太人,通曉舊約,也熟悉希臘化的猶太文化、語言和文學。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 雅各由對教師的職份提出警告,來開始口舌這主題。</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教師</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">didaskaloi</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)在早期教會生活中扮演了顯要的要角色,保羅將他們與使徒和先知並列,視為教會中三種最重要的事奉(林前十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">28</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;徒十三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;羅十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;弗四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">11</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。早期教會中的教師與猶太拉比相當,所託付於他們的重責,為傳授基督教教義(看提後二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),因此教師的職事自然帶有某種權威和聲望,在只有少數人會閱讀,低階層的人少有機會提升地位的社會中,這種情況尤然。因此基督徒會受教師職事的吸引,並不令人吃驚。信徒帶著錯誤的理由成群擁向教師的職事,可能是雅各提出警告:「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不要多人作教師</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」的背後原因。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  為了強化這種警告,雅各指出教導的另一方面,那不太吸引人的部份:「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我們(教導人)要受更重的審判</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」。另一字面直譯,可譯成「我們將受更大的審判」。</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">審判</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">krima</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)這字有懲罰或判罪的含意。雅各顯然不是指基督徒教師會比其他基督徒受更嚴厲的處分──果真如此,那麼將少有人願意成為教師!或許他指的是,因著教導職事的重要性,它將受到更詳盡的查驗,相形之下,凡未能忠心執行這項事奉的,將帶來更嚴重的處分。耶穌警告說:「多給誰就向誰多取」(路十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">48</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),那些蒙賜與教導「恩賜」的人,在栽培信徒的信心上負有重責。保羅很清楚了解這項責任,當他向以弗所教會的長老告別時,他強調他自己對福音先鋒的使命盡忠:「我今日向你們證明,你們中間無論何人死亡,罪不在我身上。因為神的旨意我並沒有一樣避諱不傳給你們的。」(徒二十</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">26</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">27</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。若要舉在這職份上失敗的例子,我們可以用耶穌的話,祂指著那些不招摹⒇澙返奈氖空f:「這些人要受更重的刑罰」(可十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">40</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。一個在信心上承當帶領責任的人,必須小心在自己生活中行出所教導的。他更多的知識也帶來更大的責任,必須按照那知識來生活。雅各的用意不是要勸阻那些有教導之呼召及恩賜的人離開教導的職份,他的用意是加深讀者了解此事奉的嚴重性,並警告他們,不要輕率的或帶著自私的動機踏入那事奉。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 教師將自己置身於更重審判的危險中。是因他事奉的主要工具為身體中最難控制的那部分:舌頭。為了形容舌頭特殊的危險,雅各首先揭露罪的普及性:「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我們在許多事上都有過失</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」。他用的動詞(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">Ptaio{</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">)意為「絆倒」,在猶太教及新約中都是寓意用法,指靈性的失敗(參二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;羅十一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">11</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;彼後一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。它可以指不太嚴重的罪,甚至只是因疏忽而犯的。這裡所強調的可能不是罪的多寡(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">RSV </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的含譯),而是罪的種類不同;參</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> NIV</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">:「我們都會跌倒,各在許多方面」。與此對照的是,雅各說,我們同樣會在一件事上犯罪──以舌頭來犯罪。雅各並不是頭一位將污穢的言語挑出來,作為特別普及之罪的人。舉例來說,箴言對話語的重要性及其力量有許多講論(參十</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">11</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,十六</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">27</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">28</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,十八</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。西拉子耶穌和雅各一樣,以不經意的罪與言語的罪相比:「一個人可能不經意的說溜了嘴,誰不曾用舌頭犯罪呢?」(傳道經十九</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">16</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。雅各則從積極方面來說:</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">若有人在話語上</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">沒有過失(即「跌倒」),「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他就是完全人,也能勒住自己的全身</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」。我們很難控制舌頭,因此常說出錯誤的、咬人的、毀謗人的話,當最好閉嘴時,我們卻大大張口,因此那能控制舌頭的人,絕對有能力征服身體其他沒那麼難制服的部份。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  既然雅各將自己包括在其嚴苛的批抨中(「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我們</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」在許多事上都有過失),他在這一節中可能仍特別針對教師而言。但這一節的其他部份都未提及教師,而雅各對舌頭的警告當然可以廣泛應用。因此,很可能雅各意在將「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所有</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」讀者都包括在第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節的第一人稱複數中。他對將成為教師之人的警告,令他思及舌頭的問題,而這一問題是教會中每一個人都有的問題。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 從這一節開始,雅各使用了一連串的例子有力的描繪出舌頭的力量及其危險(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上節)。這些例子沒有一個是雅各的創作,他從人人熟知、廣泛使用的比方中取材,來說明他的要點。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  根據</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> AV</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,雅各以「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">看哪</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">behold</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)開始第三節第一個例。這種讀法雖然受近期某些註釋家的支持,可能還是較差,大多數近代譯本都將第一句視為條件子句,譯為「且若」。這兩種讀法間的差別只在乎一個希臘字母,很可能早期的文士們以</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <I><SPAN lang=EN-US>ide</SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">看</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」替代了</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">ei de</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">(「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">且若</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">」)以與第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節相稱(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">idou</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">看哪</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」)。雅各在此節使用馬的比方,可能是因他在第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節用了「勒住」這字,但用馬來描述以小制大的觀念並非新鮮。主前第五世紀劇作家沙浮克里斯(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Sophocles</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)寫他的一個主角時說:「我知道野馬可用一小嚼環制伏」(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Antigone</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">, 477</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。當然,雅各並沒特別提及嚼環的小尺寸,但他可能有這意思,因他確實強調,一旦將嚼環放在馬嘴裡,我們就可調動「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">牠的全身</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 小工具可以控制大物件的對照,在第二個例子裡說得更清楚。「拿船隻打比方」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">NIV</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">):雖然它們很大,又被大風推動,但一個小小的舵就可以使它按掌舵的意思變動方向。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">NEB </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的譯法暗示其解釋稍有不同──大船甚至可以藉小舵</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">逆風</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而行,但這不同不很重要)。雅各再一次應用了一個人盡皆知的比方。亞里斯多得曾特別作此對比,小小的舵,由一人掌握,竟可以控制「龐大」的船(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Quaest, Mechan</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">. 5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),他也常將人和神比喻成舵手。有趣的是,我們有好幾處發現,馬與騎士和船及舵被用在一起,以描繪不同的重點</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">117</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,有時甚至火(參</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節)都與馬及船一同使用</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">118</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節組合這些比方使用的事實,雖可能表示雅各依賴了這些資料。但是也不一定如此,因為這些例子畢竟是相當大眾化的,雅各使用他們只表明他熟知自己周圍更廣的文化圈而已。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節的兩個例子都</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">集中</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在人藉小物(嚼環、舵)可以操縱控制大物(馬、船)。這比方的狹意應用,則建議信徒同樣可用舌頭控制「全身」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節),但我們很難明白舌頭如何能直接的控制身體,或許我們該將此應用稍加變化:正如嚼環決定馬的動向及舵決定船的方向,舌頭也能決定一個人的命摺P磐饺粜⌒牡目刂粕囝^,他便一定能將他的一生領至恰當的、有神引導的航線上:他是「完全人」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節)。但若舌頭不受約束,雖然它很小,全身卻將失去控制、失去紀律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="5" UnitName="a" w:st="on"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5a</SPAN></B></st1:chmetcnv><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 這節上半段明晰的應用了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節的例子,並結束了雅各於第三章開始探討口舌的第一部份。嚼環和舵雖然小,其重要性卻相當於百體中「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最小的</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」肢體,舌頭:它「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能說大話</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」。「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">誇口</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」在新約中常是犯罪的行為,也是一種在神面前高傲的態度。但在此「說大話」的用法卻不帶反面的含意──舌頭確實相當重要,它可以理直氣壯地以它能決定一個人命叩牧α繛檎F耀。腓力浦譯為:「人的舌頭是很小,但它能引以為誇的效果是多大啊!」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5b.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 這下半節將</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節上半所討論舌頭超乎比例的能力,轉接到第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節,繼續討論舌頭破壞力的潛能。「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最小的火能點著最大的樹林!</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」這種譯法奇特之處,在於同一個希臘字(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">he{likos</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">)卻被賦於兩個相異,甚至相反的意義:同時被譯成「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">最大</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">」和「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">最小</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">」。其解釋是,此字「表達任一方向的極度狀況」(何特)──巨大或微小。此方式用在本句中,就形成相反的對稱</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">119</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。火快速破壞的比方,經常被用來警告,指出不受約束之熱情的後果。舊約將愚昧人的言語比喻成「燒焦的火」(箴十六</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">27</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),西拉子說舌頭「不是屬神之人的主宰,他們必不為其火焰所燃燒」(傳道經廿八</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">22</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。譯成</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">樹林之字</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">hyle{</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">)可能指的是覆蓋巴勒斯坦許多山丘的叢林,在乾燥的地中海氣候下,很容易燃燒成火災</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">120</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">舌頭</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」與「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">火</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」的關係在第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節是隱含的,在第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節就明說了,而對舌頭破壞潛能,在此也有更進一步的陳述。這些要點,在第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節的開頭及結尾十分清楚,但此節中間部份的希臘經文卻為讀者帶來相當的困難。連這篇經文的頭一部份在內,雅各共用了五個主格的字,卻只有一個直陳動詞,釋經家或翻譯家必須決定如何將這些字組合才最恰當,使這節經文具有意義;但每一種組合都有某些困難。由於這個原因,許多人建議將這段經文修正,說我們必須改變其措辭才看得出其中的意義。但這段經文既有新約豐富的手抄本作證據,若要憑推測將其修正,應是最後,沒有辦法的辦法。因此我們將按原文的寫法來作解釋。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  第一個問題是緊接「舌頭就是火」之後</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> ho kosmos te{s adikias </SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">這句子的意思。若以</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> kosmos </SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">意為「裝飾」(參彼前三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),有些人就認為,雅各或許建議舌頭用花言巧語使罪看起來吸引人,「裝飾」了不義。但此意義在新約中少有證明,且與雅各給此句子明顯的意義相差甚遠。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">RSV </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">譯成「一種</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不義的世界</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」,顯然採用了第二個選擇:以</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> kosmos </SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">意為「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">總額</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">」或「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">大量</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">」(看</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> BAGD</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,箴十七</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="6" UnitName="a" w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6a</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〔七十士譯本〕),基於這種看法,雅各強調的是舌頭與生俱來的大惡,是「大量」或一整體的不義。這項看法的問題在於,以</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> kosmos </SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">為「全數」的意義很難得到證實,且未給予</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> kosmos </SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">之前的冠詞恰當的解釋,而</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> kathistatai</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">(「</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">appoint</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」,「</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">cause</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」使……)這動詞的力量也喪失了(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">RSV </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">僵硬的譯成「</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">is</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」,是)。這片語最自然的譯法,是「不義的世界」,如此,這裡的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> kosmos </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">與雅各書另外三處出現的意思相同(一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">27</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),於是這片語與路加福音十六</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">平行,</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">mamona tes adikias</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">=</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「不義的瑪門」),這樣,「世界」的意思便符合新約多處使用的意義──指墮落的、反抗的、罪惡的世界系統。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  如果我們如此翻譯</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> ho kosmos te{s adikias</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">,那麼這節經文就有兩種不同標點的可能:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">a.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「舌頭是火,它被派定為(或令自己成為)不義的世界,污穢全身……」(參</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> NEB</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">b.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「舌頭是火,是不義的世界,它被派定為(或令自己成為)我們肢體中污穢全身的……」(參</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> NASB</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。後者雖受班吉爾支持,意思也很通順,但可能必須擯棄,因陰性分詞</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> he{ spilousa</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">(「</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">that which stains</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」污濊)最好視為形容</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">glo{ssa</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">(舌頭),而非在動詞</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">kathistatai</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">(派定)之後的敘述形容詞(若為後者情況,則應用中性)。如以上引句中的括弧所暗示的,此句中有另一模糊的地方,即動詞</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">kathistatai</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的意義,它可能是被動式(被派定),但雅各在四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以反身的關係式用法:「使自己」,來用此同一動詞。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  那麼,「舌頭令自己在我們肢體中成為不義的世界」是什麼意思呢?或許雅各是要說,舌頭在其本身之內包含了墮落世界的罪惡。如加爾文的說法:「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">肉身中那一條細長的部分包含了全世界的罪惡。</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」我們記得耶穌曾說:「從口裡出來的」能污穢人,祂並進一步解釋口表達心,而心內有「惡念、兇殺、姦淫、苟合、偷盜、妄證、謗讟」(太十五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">11</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">19</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),身體中沒有另一「肢體」能對敬虔的生活造成如此大的破壞。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節一連串用三個分詞作結束,更進一步形容舌頭。在「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">污穢</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">spilousa</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全身</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的當兒</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,舌頭所做的正是「真實信仰」──保守自己「不沾污(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">aspilon</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)世俗」──的反面;用舌頭犯的罪把屬靈污染傳及全身。雅各用另外兩個分詞回到火的比方,分別形容舌頭造成傷害的程度及來源。在說舌頭點燃「生命的輪子」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> RSV</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">:(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">the cycle of nature </SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自然的循環)時,雅各顯然是要再度說明舌頭龐大的毀壞潛能,但他真正的含意到底是什麼,我們不清楚。這個片語,及另一些與其平行詞彙,用在俄斐烏信仰中(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Orphic religion</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,譯註:主前七世紀之神秘宗教),形容輪迴不休止的循環,而人欲從其中尋求解脫。但我們有充足的證據顯示,這原本屬宗教或哲學的專有名詞已經「通俗化」,在雅各那時代成為形容人一生過程之詞,或許帶有對生命「高潮及低潮」的強調意味</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">121</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">如此,則這裡的重點是指舌頭火焰式的毀壞力量影響人的一生,從始至終,所有情況都包括在內。這巨大的毀壞潛能是從何而來呢?雅各說是從「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">地獄</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">」裡來。他在此用的名詞</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> gehenna</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地獄</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),這詞彙再一次反應出他熟知耶穌的教導,因耶穌經常用它來形容最後判罪的地點。這個字是希伯來文「希嫩谷」的音譯,在舊約中它惡名昭彰,在兩約之間時代它被用指最後審判的地點。地獄的頭號公民撒旦,將牠的能力賜給舌頭,令它有巨大破壞的潛力。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  雅各沒多談舌頭破壞力的能力給人的感受,但他毫無疑問地一定想到箴言中列舉的言語的罪:不經思考的「閒聊」(十</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,參十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,廿九</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);說謊(參十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">19</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);驕傲的誇口(十八</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);讒謗(十</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。試想,沒有根據、經常錯誤的謠言,對人造成的傷害多大,有時甚至無法挽回!這類謠言可能比森林大火都難熄滅(參</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節)。我們從痛苦的經驗中體會到,那句兒時的笑罵:「棍子和石頭可以打斷我的骨頭,但言語決不會傷我」事實上與真像正相反。棍子和石頭造成的傷口可以癒合,但言語造成的傷口有時一輩子好不了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 這節一開頭的「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因為</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">gar</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">,和合本未譯),建議</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節是為第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節所說的某些話提供原因,或許我們可以想見,對舌頭無法馴服之本性的強調,可以證明舌頭乃是從地獄接受其能力之論證;若非如此,我們如何能解釋它比任何動物都難制服的特色呢?雅各對人可以管轄動物世界的肯定,顯然是引自創世記創造的故事;其動物界的四大分類也與創世記一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">26</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的分法相似</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">122</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">;動物「制服」重複的以完成式(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">dedamastai</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)出現相當特別,很可能反映出人在創世時就被賦於管轄動物的特權。人類,即人的「種類」(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">physis</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),獲賜能力去征服每一種(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">physis</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)低層的受造物,而這能力一直哂玫饺缃瘛4颂幱幸环浅S幸馑嫉那珊希?蛟S也僅止於巧合而已,即斐羅將人比喻作馬車的御手(參雅三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)及船的駕駛(三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),以強調對受造物的管轄</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">123</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 這節的希臘文先提出「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">舌頭</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」作對比:人可以征服動物,惟獨「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">舌頭</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」無人能制服。我們不清楚將</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration"> anthro{po{n</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">(「眾人的」)加在</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> oudeis</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">沒有人</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」(參</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> RSV,<I> no human being</I></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)之後該怎麼解說,這可能只是單純的延續第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節對「人」的強調,使奧古斯丁建議一更微妙的解釋:「……他沒有說無一人可制服舌頭,而是說人中間沒有一個可以;因此若舌頭被制服時,我們承認那是靠神的憐憫、幫助及恩典才達成的。</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">124</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  這節最後兩個對舌頭的形容,可能與「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">舌頭</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」同格(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">RSV,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">──「一種不止息的邪惡,</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">滿了害死人的毒氣</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」),或是另一獨立句子的述詞(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">NIV</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">它是不止息的邪惡,滿了害人的毒氣</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」)。「不止息的」譯自雅各在一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所用的同一個字(</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Transliteration; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Transliteration">akatastatos</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">),該處是形容那心懷二意的人,在他所行的路上都沒有「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">定見</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Transliteration">」</SPAN><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">125</SPAN></SUP><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。以它來形容「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">邪惡</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">」,可能建議此種「邪惡」很難控制,「總可能發生」(腓力浦),或是指此種邪惡來自「不穩定,不單純的心思」(戴維斯)。第一種解釋使它自然成為</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節上半的補助語;第二種解釋則為</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">節以下舌頭「兩面的」、相衝突的用法舖路。或許我們該接納第一種解釋,因它給予「邪惡」比較自然的意義。這節最後對舌頭的描寫,「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">滿了害死人的毒氣</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」,反應出舊約的教導:邪惡的人「使舌頭尖利如蛇,嘴裡有虺蛇的毒氣」(詩一四○<SPAN lang=EN-US>\cs16</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),舌頭所發的毒氣「敗壞鄰舍」(箴十一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),也使犯罪的人傾倒(箴十</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 雅各對舌頭控訴的最後高潮,是他深惡痛絕的「兩面性」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">doubleness</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。心懷二意之人前後不一致,不穩定的搖擺(一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),從偏袒的態度(參二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),以及缺乏稱義的行為(二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">14</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">26</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)上表現出來,也從舌頭上透露出來。好像約翰本仁「在外是聖徒在家是魔鬼」的那位「愛說話的」角色一樣,心懷二意的人從他說話前後矛盾的本質,表現出他的信心缺乏焦距及穩定性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  令人悲痛的是,同一工具來「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">頌讚那為主為父的</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」,也用來「</SPAN><B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">咒詛那照著神形像被造的人</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">」。頌讚神是猶太人敬拜的主要部分,「至聖的,願頌讚歸於祂」是拉比文學中最常用來描述神的,而「十八條祝丁供ぉつ敲咳帐褂玫膬x文,在每一條的終了都以頌讚神來結束。基督徒當然在祈吨幸岔炞撋瘢▍⒏ヒ
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查看完整版本: 雅各書第三章